Agglutination reaction determines the abo blood type, which is determined by the clump formation in the blood. Antib antia 1 mns blood group system antim antin antis antis antiu antibodies to lowincidence antigens in the mns blood group system. The isbt terminology designates a number and a symbol for every blood group system, eg, number 001 and symbol abo for the abo blood group system, and number 009 and symbol jk for the kidd blood group system 1,2. The type of sugar added determines the blood group 6. Blood grouping plays an essential part of blood transfusion service. Red cell groups act as markers inherited characteristics for genes present on chromosomes, which are responsible for their expression.
During the blood transfusion, the two most important group systems examined are the abo system and the rhesus system. Understanding the blood group system and blood transfusions. Table of blood group systems international society of. International society of blood transfusion has recently recognized 33 blood group systems. Blood flow in capillaries is slow giving enough time for effective exchange. There are more than 300 human blood groups but only a minority cause clinically significant transfusion reactions. Its composition and function the blood in our circulatory system is a watery based fluid and consists of two basic components.
Blood groups a blood group system contains antigens controlled by a single gene. Group a has only the a antigen on red cells and b antibody in the plasma group b has only the b antigen on red cells and a antibody in the plasma powerpoint ppt presentation free. Persons may thus have type a, type b, type o, or type ab blood. Among the 19 different human blood group systems, the group abo is the most important. Blood group ab has both the a and b antigens present on the surface, but blood group o has neither antigen present.
Therefore, there are three allelomorphic genes which make up the abo blood group system such as gene a, gene b, and gene o. The blood group does not have to be identical but it must be compatible, and in cases where the blood groups differ, a specific comment should have been made on the compatibility form to indicate that the. N acetylglucosaminidase destroyed the i antigenicity. Among the 35 blood clusters, more than 600 unmistakable blood total antigens have been found. Only one of these alleles can occupy the special place or locus along the chromosomes for this blood group. Human blood group systems an overview sciencedirect topics. Ppt abo blood group system powerpoint presentation free. The blood group on the unit must be compatible with the patients blood group as indicated on the compatibility label on the blood pack. Blood groups system ab0 agglutinogens a, b on membrane of rbc a acetylgalactosamine b dgalactose h acetylglucosamine maternal substance 6 blood types. Module 2 immunology and blood groups page 2 white blood cells are important in the bodys natural defences against pathogens. A whole blood grouping would depict a full game plan of 30 substances on the surface of rbcs. Blood group antigens are inherited amino acids sequence or carbohydrate on surface on rbcor secreted in body fluids. This means making sure that the donors blood is compatible with the patients blood, to minimise reactions during a transfusion and avoid. Blood group carbohydrate chain blood group antigen human erythrocyte membrane blood group system these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors.
Each locus may be the site of several alleles alternative genes. The abo blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the a and b antigens on erythrocytes. Blood group i system an overview sciencedirect topics. The abo system is the most important blood group system in transfusion therapy and was the first blood group system to be discovered. Consistency is the hallmark of quality and can be achieved only through the use of standard operating procedures sops by all staff engaged in blood centres at all times. Abo blood type identification and forensic science 1900. The rh blood group system is the most polymorphic of the human blood groups, consisting of at least 45 independent antigens and, next to abo. Abo blood type identification and forensic science 19001960.
In the past decade, intense investigation has yielded considerable knowledge of the molecular background of this system. The two most important in clinical practice are the abo and rh systems. The abo blood group system is a method of classifying human blood based on cell surface antigens. Table of blood group systems international society of blood. Genetically determined abo blood group and its associations. An individuals blood arrangement is one of the various possible combinations of blood group antigens. The following table identifies the major wbcs function and the immune system category white blood cell type function immune system category monocytes exit blood vessels and turn into macrophages. Know the different types of blood transfusions and their complications transfusion reactions. The molecular basis of the abo blood group system was elucidated in 1990. Rita mirakian, in encyclopedia of immunology second edition, 1998. Mns p familial blood group system found in few families kell. There are 22 blood group systems, including the abo, rh, and kell blood groups which contain antigens that can provoke the most severe transfusion reactions. Principle of blood grouping there are two principles 1almost all normal healthy individuals above 36 months of age have naturally occurring abs to the abo ags that they lack these abs termed naturally occurring.
Apart from abo and rhesus system, many other types of antigens. The basis of abo grouping is of two antigens antigen a and antigen b. A 1, a 2, b, a 1b, a 2b, 0h agglutinins antia and antib blood group agglutinogen rbc agglutinin plasma. Blood group blood group blood groups and genetic linkage. Ppt abo blood group system powerpoint presentation. See i blood group system 027 pages for molecular basis associated with adult i phenotype. Blood containing red cells with type a antigen on their surface has in its serum fluid antibodies against type b red cells. The number of antigens per blood group system, collection, and series varies tremendously from 1 in the p system to more than 30 in the rh and mns systems. The rh blood group system is a human blood group system. The determination of an abo blood group is defined by demonstrating the presence or absence of antigens a andor b on the surface of human red blood cells and by detecting. In the past decade, intense investigation has yielded considerable knowledge of the molecular. Blood group systems page 1 start with listings with each line having hyperlink to full section in the rest of this document. More than a century after the discovery of the abo blood group bg by karl landsteiner 1, current ly, over 30 different bg systems and more than 300. Over 30 human blood group systems are now recognized 1.
The abo blood group system was discovered by the austrian pathologist karl landsteiner in 1901, who classified the blood groups based on the presence of a and b antigens on the surface of red blood cells after noting patterns of agglutination during blood transfusions. Antigens on donor red cells can stimulate a patient to produce an. O group is the most frequent in abo blood group system followed by a blood group. Biochemistry and genetics of the abo, lewis, and p blood. The group o phenotype results from inactivation of the a1 glycosyltransferase gene, and the nonreducing ends of the corresponding. This great contribution to medicine was made by landsteiner in 1900 when he observed that the serum of healthy humans not only has an agglutinating effect on animal blood corpuscles, but also on human blood.
Effect of enzymes and chemicals on i antigen on intact rbcs. Blood group a means you have the a antigen, while blood group b means you have the b antigen. Blood grouping pdf institute of biomedical science. Blood groups are defined by the presence of its antigens on red blood cell membrane. Blood group test procedure, interpretation, result and more. For determination of abo and rho d blood group systems with subgrouping and reverse grouping for confirmation of abo grouping. The abo blood group system, which was the first human blood group system to be discovered by landsteiner. System name system symbol gene names number of antigens chromosomal location cd numbers 001 abo abo abo 4 9q34. Human blood groups red cell membranes have antigens protein glycoprotein on their external surfaces these antigens are o unique to the individual o recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual o promote agglutination of red cells if combine with antibody o more than 30 such antigen systems discovered presence or absence of these antigens is used to classify blood.
Individuals inherit a gene which codes for specific sugars to be added to the red cell. The abo and rh blood systems are discussed in detail below. According to the ab0 blood group system there are four different kinds of blood groups. A mismatch in this, or any other serotype, can cause a potentially fatal adverse reaction after a transfusion, or an unwanted immune response to an organ transplant. Abo blood group system, the classification of human blood based on the inherited properties of red blood cells erythrocytes as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens a and b, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. The associated antia and antib antibodies are usually igm antibodies, produced. Possible donor rbcs are mixed with the recipients serum. An antigen on a red cell and the absence of its corresponding antibody in the serum if youre a, you dont have antia if you do not have a particular antigen on your red cells then it is possible when exposed to foreign rbcs to illicit an immune response that results in the production of the antibody specific for the missing antigen.
In the same way, type a red cells will be destroyed by antia antibodies in type b blood. A, b, ab and o which all refer to the presence of different antigens on the red blood cells. It contains proteins on the surface of red blood cells. In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 38 different blood type classification systems currently recognized. Blood group blood groups and genetic linkage britannica.
Therefore, the abo blood group system is one of the popular technique to classify human blood. It is second only to abo in importance in blood transfusion and is well known as a primary cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn hdfn. Cells that have both a and b antigens are group ab. Every blood group system has gene or genes differ than the other systems. The relationship between blood groups and disease blood. Pdf the rh blood group system is one of the most polymorphic and immunogenic systems known in humans.
Nearly all individuals make igm antibodies to the antigens of the abo system that they lack. Like a and b, this is also an antigen and those who have it are. The term human blood group systems is defined by international society of blood transfusion as systems in the human species where cellsurface antigensin particular, those on blood cellsare controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them, and include the common abo and rh rhesus antigen. The red blood cells in o type blood do not have either a type or b type antigens on their surfaces, however o type blood serum contains antia and antib antibodies. Blood group systems smart 2008 isbt science series. The abo blood group system is unique in that a person lacking the a andor b antigens from the red blood cells usually has antibody in the serum directed at the missing antigen or. The rh blood group system connie westhoff t he rh blood group system is one of the most polymorphic and antigenic blood group systems.
Rh positive and rh negative refer to the presence or absence of d antigen. The site of a particular genetic system on a chromosome is called a locus. In an ordinary cell of the human body, there are 46. System name system symbol gene names chromosomal location cd numbers 001 abo abo abo 9q34. The abo grouping system is classified into four types based on the. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Karl landsteiner won the nobel prize in the year 1930 for his contribution in this. Guidance manual abo and rh blood grouping document id no. Note that h antigen is in a separate system, h blood group system 018, and is not part of the abo system. Once patients blood type is known, donor blood of the same abo and rh type is selected. Pdf international society of blood transfusion has recently recognized 33 blood group systems.
Explain the abo blood group system and use the results of cell and reverse abo grouping tests to identify the blood groups of donors and patients. Closed system of blood vessels the blood does not make direct contact with the tissue cells. Each blood group antigen is assigned a sixdigit number by the isbt. Abo blood group system, classification of human blood as determined by the presence or absence of a and b antigens on red blood cells. Abo blood group system majorly classifies the blood into four types, i. Because of this property, blood cells from o type blood do not cause clumping when mixed with a type or.
Plasma the plasma is the light yellow liquid portion of the blood and is about 90% water. It was karl landsteiner who first discovered 1 the abo blood group. The abo grouping system is classified into four types based on the presence or absence of antigens on the red blood cells surface and plasma antibodies. Jul 08, 20 abo basics blood group antigens are actually sugars attached to the red blood cell. Module 3 blood group serology world health organization. The abo blood group system consists of 4 types of blood group a, b, ab, and o and is mainly based on the antigens and antibodies on red blood cells and in the plasma. Collections a blood group system consists of one or more antigens, controlled by a single gene kell or by two rh or three mns very closely linked homologous genes. There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens a and b on the surface of red blood cells. Rh rhesus factor is found on the rbcs surface in most people.
If, in transfusion, type b blood is injected into persons with type a blood, the red cells in the injected blood will be destroyed by the antibodies in the recipients blood. In the rh system, the most important antigens are d, c, c, e, and e. Red cells that only have antigen a are called group a. Abo blood group system was accepted by the national research council and popularly known as landsteiner classification.
Know the abo and rh systems for blood typing and their clinical significance. What are blood group systems currently there are 345 blood group antigens. The abo, lewis and related blood group antigens oxford. Blood from the a group formes clumps when mixed with blood from the b group. Testing for red cell antigens and antibodies in the laboratory.
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